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HOSTING WIKI

Hosting & server terms, in plain language

A growing glossary of the words you’ll meet while running a VPS, VDS or dedicated server — each explained in a sentence or two, no jargon required.

125 definitions 2 ways to browse Free — no login needed

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Automation Tools

Automate anything with n8n and collaborate privately with your own Nextcloud.

6 terms

n8n API

Automation Tools

What is n8n If you’re working in automation, integrations, or building tools that connect services together, you’ve probably come across n8n. n8n is an open-source workflow automation platform…

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n8n Nodes

Automation Tools

What is an n8n Node n8n nodes are the core components of n8n workflows, like building blocks of automation. Each node performs a specific action, such as retrieving…

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n8n Workflows 

Automation Tools

What Is a Workflow An n8n workflow is a sequence of connected nodes that automates a specific process. Each workflow defines how data moves, is processed, and triggers…

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Nextcloud Hub 

Automation Tools

What Is Nextcloud Hub Nextcloud Hub is an open-source platform that combines cloud storage, document editing, communication, and project management into one integrated system. It is designed to…

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Nextcloud Server

Automation Tools

What Is Nextcloud Server Nextcloud Server is an open-source platform that allows individuals and organizations to host their own cloud storage and collaboration environment. It provides a private…

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Nextcloud WebDAV

Automation Tools

What Is Nextcloud WebDAV Nextcloud WebDAV is a core protocol that enables direct file access and synchronization between Nextcloud Server and client devices. It allows users to manage,…

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Domains & WHOIS

Buying, transferring or investigating a domain? Master registration, TLDs and WHOIS.

10 terms

Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLD) 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is a Country Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) A country code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) identifies a specific country or territory within the Domain Name System (DNS). It appears…

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Domain Parking 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is Domain Parking Domain parking describes a domain state in which a registered domain exists in DNS but does not provide active services. Instead of providing a…

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Domain Privacy 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is Domain Privacy Domain Privacy is a service that protects personal data linked to a domain registration. Domain registries require registrants to provide contact information. This information…

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Domain Registration 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is Domain Registration Domain registration is the process of reserving a unique domain name on the internet. A domain name serves as a readable address for online…

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Domain Transfer 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is a Domain Transfer A domain transfer is the process of moving a registered domain name from one registrar to another. This process allows domain owners to…

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Domains in IT-Systems 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is a Domain A domain is a group of computers and users sharing the same login system. On a company network, your username works on any computer…

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Generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is a Generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) A generic Top-Level Domain (gTLD) represents a category-based domain within the Domain Name System (DNS). It appears as the final label…

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ICANN

Domains & WHOIS

What Is ICANN The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a global, non-profit organization. It coordinates key technical functions of the internet’s domain name system…

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Top-Level Domain (TLD) 

Domains & WHOIS

What Is A Top-Level Domain A Top-Level Domain (TLD) is the highest level in the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy. It appears as the last segment of a…

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WHOIS

Domains & WHOIS

What Is WHOIS WHOIS is a public information service that provides details about domain name registrations. It allows users to check who owns a domain and how it…

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Email Security

IMAP, POP3, SMTP and spam defense — know how your email is delivered and protected.

7 terms

IMAP 

Email Security

What Is IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a standard email protocol used to retrieve messages from a mail server. It operates at the application layer of…

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Mail Antivirus – ClamAV 

Email Security

What is Mail Antivirus Mail antivirus software plays an important role in modern email security. It scans incoming and outgoing messages to detect malware, phishing links, and malicious…

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Mail Delivery Agent (MDA)

Email Security

What is a Mail Delivery Agent? A Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) receives email from a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and stores it in users’ mailboxes. It prepares messages…

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Mail Spam Filtering

Email Security

Mail spam filtering is the process of detecting and blocking unwanted or malicious email messages. These systems analyze message content, sender reputation, and patterns to identify spam before…

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Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)

Email Security

What is a Mail Transfer Agent A Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) is software that sends, receives, and routes email between servers. MTAs ensure messages reach their correct destination…

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POP3

Email Security

What Is POP3 POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol Version 3. It is a protocol for retrieving emails from a mail server. Email clients download messages to a…

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SMTP

Email Security

What Is SMTP SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is the standard protocol for sending emails across IP networks. SMTP specifies how mail servers and clients…

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Hosting Types

Shared, cloud, dedicated, GPU or VPS — compare every hosting type to find your fit.

15 terms

Bare Metal

Hosting Types

What is Bare Metal? In the hosting and cloud industry, the terms “Bare Metal” and “Dedicated Server” are often used synonymously, since for most applications, the differences are…

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Bare Metal Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Bare Metal Hosting? Bare metal hosting gives you exclusive access to an entire physical server. The term “bare metal” means you’re getting the machine itself, without…

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Cloud Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Cloud Hosting? Cloud hosting is a method that runs your website or application across a network of connected servers, rather than on a single physical machine.…

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Colocation Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Colocation Hosting? Colocation hosting is a service where you buy your own server hardware and house it in a professional data center facility that a third-party…

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Dedicated Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Dedicated Hosting? Dedicated hosting gives you exclusive use of an entire physical server. Unlike other hosting types where you share resources, a Dedicated Server means all…

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Dedicated Server

Hosting Types

What is a Dedicated Server? A Dedicated Server is a physical machine that is dedicated exclusively to one customer. Unlike VPS or Shared Hosting, all its resources -…

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GPU Server

Hosting Types

What is a GPU Server? A GPU, or Graphics Processing Unit, has evolved far beyond its original role in rendering graphics for games. Building on this capability, a…

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Managed Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Managed Hosting? Managed hosting is a premium service where your hosting provider takes on the full responsibility of managing your server’s technical administration. It’s like having…

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Reseller Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Reseller Hosting? Reseller hosting is a business model where you purchase hosting resources from a provider, package them under your own brand, and sell them to…

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Shared Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Shared Hosting? Shared hosting is a type of web hosting where multiple websites are housed on a single physical server, sharing its resources like CPU power,…

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Storage VPS

Hosting Types

What is a Storage VPS? Storage VPS works and is structured in the same way as Cloud VPS, with the difference that Storage VPS is specifically optimized for…

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VDS

Hosting Types

What is a VDS? A Virtual Dedicated Server (VDS) is a hosting option that sits between VPS and Dedicated Servers in terms of performance, control and cost. It…

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VPS

Hosting Types

What is a VPS? A Virtual Private Server (VPS) is a fully virtualized environment running on a physical server. Unlike shared hosting, where multiple users share the same…

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VPS Hosting

Hosting Types

What is VPS Hosting? A Virtual Private Server (VPS) is a hosting solution that gives you your own private server space within a larger, shared physical server. Using…

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Windows Hosting

Hosting Types

What is Windows Hosting? Windows Hosting is a type of web hosting that uses a Windows Server operating system. It’s specifically designed to run websites and applications built…

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Networking & DNS

DNS, HTTP, TCP/UDP and IP addressing — the networking basics behind every site.

19 terms

CDN 

Networking & DNS

What Is CDN A CDN, or Content Delivery Network, is a distributed network that delivers website and application content from servers closer to users. Its main job is…

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DHCP 

Networking & DNS

What Is DHCP DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It manages IP settings in an IP network. A DHCP server automatically assigns these settings to devices. As…

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DNS – Domain Name System 

Networking & DNS

What Is a Domain Name System (DNS) The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that translates domain names into the technical data required for network…

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DNS Domain 

Networking & DNS

What Is a DNS Domain A DNS domain is a structured name that the Domain Name System uses to find resources. It provides a readable label for services…

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DNS Forwarding 

Networking & DNS

What Is DNS Forwarding DNS forwarding is a DNS feature that lets one DNS server pass a query to another DNS server when it cannot answer the query…

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DNS Propagation 

Networking & DNS

What Is DNS Propagation DNS propagation refers to the period during which DNS changes become visible across the internet. This process starts after updating DNS records, such as…

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DNS Records 

Networking & DNS

What Is a DNS Record DNS records are the smallest units of the DNS. A Domain Name System record is a series of instructions that connect domain names…

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HTTP

Networking & DNS

What Is HTTP HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It defines the rules for communication between web browsers and web servers. HTTP enables the transfer of web content…

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HTTP/2 

Networking & DNS

What Is HTTP/2 HTTP/2 is the second major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It improves the way web browsers and servers interact. The protocol prioritizes performance, efficiency,…

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HTTP/3 

Networking & DNS

What Is HTTP/3 HTTP/3 is the latest major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It improves the way browsers and servers communicate on the internet. The protocol prioritizes…

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IPv4 

Networking & DNS

What Is IPv4 IPv4 refers to the Internet Protocol version 4. It is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol and continues to be widely used today. IPv4…

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IPv6 

Networking & DNS

What Is IPv6 IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol version 6. It is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol. This protocol specifies how devices identify and communicate…

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KeyCDN 

Networking & DNS

What Is KeyCDN KeyCDN is a CDN provider that helps websites and applications deliver content faster through a distributed edge network. It serves static assets such as images,…

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Protocol 

Networking & DNS

What Is a Protocol A protocol defines a set of rules for communication between devices. It ensures that systems exchange data in a structured and understandable way. To…

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Reverse DNS (rDNS) 

Networking & DNS

What Is Reverse DNS (rDNS) Reverse Domain Name System, commonly called reverse DNS or rDNS, resolves IP addresses to hostnames. Unlike forward DNS, it performs the lookup in…

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SNMP 

Networking & DNS

What Is SNMP SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a standard protocol for monitoring and managing networked devices. Administrators use SNMP to collect status and…

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Static DNS 

Networking & DNS

What Is Static DNS Static DNS describes DNS records that point a domain name to a fixed destination. In simple terms, the address behind the domain does not…

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TCP 

Networking & DNS

What Is TCP TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol, is a fundamental protocol within the internet protocol suite, often called the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model. It enables…

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UDP 

Networking & DNS

What Is UDP UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a transport-layer protocol in the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) architecture. The protocol transfers data in little…

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Remote Access

Secure remote access with VPN and SSH, then automate tasks with cron jobs.

9 terms

Cron

Remote Access

What Is Cron Cron is a time‑based scheduling system used on Unix-like operating systems. It enables automated execution of recurring tasks at fixed times or intervals. Many system…

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FTP 

Remote Access

What Is FTP FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is a common network protocol that allows files to be transferred between computers over a network. FTP allows…

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IPsec 

Remote Access

What Is IPsec IPsec, or Internet Protocol Security, is a suite of standards that protects IP traffic. It works at the network layer, securing data as it travels…

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SFTP

Remote Access

What Is SFTP SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol used for secure file transfers between systems. It enables users and applications to upload, download, and…

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SSH

Remote Access

What Is SSH Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol that allows for safe communication between devices across an unsecured network. Administrators typically use SSH to perform…

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WireGuard

Remote Access

Understanding WireGuard WireGuard is a next-generation VPN protocol designed for simplicity, speed, and security. It connects devices securely over the internet using encrypted tunnels. Compared to older systems,…

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WireGuard Protocol

Remote Access

What is the WireGuard Protocol? The WireGuard protocol is a modern VPN protocol designed for secure, fast, and efficient network communication. It creates encrypted tunnels between devices, allowing…

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WireGuard Server

Remote Access

What Is a WireGuard Server? A WireGuard server acts as a central node that manages VPN connections between multiple clients or peers. It handles encryption, routing, and authentication,…

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WireGuard VPN

Remote Access

What is WireGuard? WireGuard is a modern open-source VPN protocol that provides secure and efficient network connections. It creates encrypted tunnels between devices, ensuring data privacy and protection…

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Server Virtualization

Monitor, containerize and virtualize — run and scale your servers like a pro.

7 terms

Container Orchestration

Server Virtualization

What is Container Orchestration? Container orchestration automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications in virtualized server environments and ensures containers run efficiently across distributed infrastructure. How…

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Containers

Server Virtualization

What is a Container Containers are a lightweight form of virtualization that allows applications to run in isolated environments on the same operating system. Unlike traditional virtual machines…

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Hypervisors

Server Virtualization

What is a Hypervisor? A hypervisor enables virtualization by running multiple operating systems on a physical computer. Each system runs on its own virtual machine. Hypervisors maximize hardware…

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Load Balancing

Server Virtualization

What is Load Balancing Load balancing in server virtualization is the process of distributing workloads across multiple virtual machines (VMs) or physical hosts. Its goal is to maximize…

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Server Management Panels

Server Virtualization

What is a Server Management Panel Server management panels are web-based tools that simplify the administration of servers. They provide a graphical interface (GUI) for tasks that otherwise…

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Server Monitoring

Server Virtualization

What Is Server Monitoring Server monitoring is the continuous observation of a system’s performance, health, and availability. A proper server monitoring service can be the warrant that servers…

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Virtualization Management Platforms 

Server Virtualization

What is a Virtualization Management Platform Virtualization Management Platforms (VMPs) centralize administration, monitoring, and orchestration of virtual machines across multiple physical servers. They simplify complex virtualization by providing…

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Site Security

DDoS, SSL, firewalls and app security — lock down every layer of your site.

16 terms

Cloudflare

Site Security

What Is Cloudflare Cloudflare is a global platform that sits between visitors and a website’s origin server. It works as a CDN as well, which means it can…

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Content Security Policy (CSP) 

Site Security

What Is Content Security Policy (CSP) Content Security Policy (CSP) is a web security standard that reduces the risk of client-side attacks. It allows administrators to define which…

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Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) 

Site Security

What Is Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) is a browser security mechanism. It controls how web applications request resources from different origins. An origin consists…

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Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) 

Site Security

What Is Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a web security threat that tricks users into performing unwanted actions. These actions occur on applications where…

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Cryptography 

Site Security

What Is Cryptography Cryptography uses mathematical techniques to secure data – protecting information from unauthorized access and modification. Therefore, it represents a core component of modern security architecture.…

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Dark Web 

Site Security

What Is the Dark Web The Dark Web describes a portion of the internet that is intentionally hidden. It therefore requires specific software or network configurations to access.…

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Deep Web 

Site Security

What Is the Deep Web The Deep Web is part of the internet, that includes all internet content not indexed by traditional search engines. These search engines are…

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Denial of Service (DoS) 

Site Security

What Is Denial of Service A Denial of Service (DoS) attack attempts to make a system unavailable to users. It achieves this by overwhelming resources. These resources include…

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Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) 

Site Security

What Is DDoS A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack disrupts service availability through coordinated traffic from multiple systems. These systems are typically compromised and controlled remotely. Instead…

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Encryption 

Site Security

What Is Encryption Encryption converts data into an unreadable format. This process protects information from unauthorized access by ensuring that the data cannot be interpreted without the correct…

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Fail2Ban 

Site Security

What Is Fail2Ban Fail2Ban is a host-based intrusion prevention tool. It protects Linux systems from brute-force attacks. The software monitors log files for suspicious activity. When it detects…

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Firewall

Site Security

What Is a Firewall A firewall is a network security system that monitors, filters, and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined rules. In server virtualization, firewalls…

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Firewall GUI

Site Security

What Is Firewall GUI A Firewall GUI provides a visual interface for managing firewall rules and network security. Instead of typing commands, users interact with simple menus and…

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Spam and Unsolicited Communication 

Site Security

What Is SPAM Spam refers to unsolicited and unwanted digital messages. These messages are typically sent in bulk. Their primary goal is to advertise services, distribute malicious content,…

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SSL 

Site Security

What Is SSL SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer. It was a pioneering protocol for secure network communication. Its primary purpose was to protect data in transit between…

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TLS 

Site Security

What Is TLS TLS, or Transport Layer Security, is the standard protocol for securing data sent between systems over a network. It protects data in transit by encrypting…

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Web Architecture & APIs

REST, SOAP, MVC, MVVM or SSR/CSR — decode the architecture behind modern web apps.

9 terms

AMP

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is AMP AMP stands for Accelerated Mobile Pages and is an open-source HTML framework for building fast, mobile-optimized web pages. Bandwidth, latency and hardware constraints can easily…

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API

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is API API stands for Application Programming Interface. An application is any software that performs a defined task, for example a web app or backend service. An…

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CSR 

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is CSR CSR stands for client-side rendering. It is a rendering approach where the browser generates the page content with JavaScript instead of receiving fully rendered HTML…

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MVC

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is MVC MVC stands for Model-View-Controller and is a software architecture pattern for structuring applications, especially those with a user interface. It is not a programming language…

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MVP

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is MVP MVP stands for Model-View-Presenter and is a software design pattern for structuring applications with a user interface (UI). It is a variant of MVC and…

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MVVM

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is MVVM MVVM stands for Model-View-ViewModel and is a software architecture pattern for structuring applications with a graphical user interface (UI). It is not a language or…

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RESTful Web Service 

Web Architecture & APIs

What is RESTful Web Service A RESTful web service uses HTTP to offer resources such as users or orders in a simple and predictable manner. It uses the…

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SOAP 

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is SOAP SOAP stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It defines how two applications exchange information using XML messages over transport protocols such as HTTP. A SOAP…

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SSR 

Web Architecture & APIs

What Is SSR SSR stands for server-side rendering. It is a way to build websites and web apps where the server creates the HTML for each request before…

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Web Development

From HTML and PHP to web servers — the full stack behind every website.

24 terms

Angular

Web Development

What Is Angular Angular is a front-end web framework used to build dynamic web applications. Developers use it to create structured and scalable user interfaces. The framework follows…

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ASP 

Web Development

What Is ASP Active Server Pages (ASP) is a server-side scripting technology used to create dynamic web pages. It enables developers to embed scripts directly in HTML files.  …

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Backend

Web Development

What Is Backend Backend is the server-side component of a website or web application. It handles application logic, data processing, and client-server communication. Unlike the frontend, users do…

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CSS 

Web Development

What Is CSS CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a core web technology that works alongside HTML and JavaScript.  CSS controls the visual presentation of HTML…

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Database Management Systems

Web Development

What is a Database Management System A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that stores, organizes, and retrieves data. In server virtualization, multiple virtual machines often share the…

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Django 

Web Development

What Is Django Django is a high-level Python web framework for building web applications. It offers a structured approach to server-side development and includes many built-in features instead…

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Ember 

Web Development

What Is Ember Ember is a front-end JavaScript framework for developing modern web apps. It offers a comprehensive framework rather than just a user interface (UI) library. Ember…

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Fail2Ban 

Web Development

What Is Fail2Ban Fail2Ban is a host-based intrusion prevention tool. It protects Linux systems from brute-force attacks. The software monitors log files for suspicious activity. When it detects…

Full definition

Firewall

Web Development

What Is a Firewall A firewall is a network security system that monitors, filters, and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined rules. In server virtualization, firewalls…

Full definition

Firewall GUI

Web Development

What Is Firewall GUI A Firewall GUI provides a visual interface for managing firewall rules and network security. Instead of typing commands, users interact with simple menus and…

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Frontend

Web Development

What Is Frontend The frontend is the part of a website or web application that users can view and interact with directly. It covers everything displayed in the…

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HTML 

Web Development

What Is HTML HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is the standard language for structuring web content. In practice, HTML defines the building blocks of a web…

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JavaScript 

Web Development

What Is JavaScript JavaScript is a programming language used in web development. It adds logic and interactivity to websites and web applications. While HTML defines structure and CSS…

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JSP (JavaServer Pages)

Web Development

What Is JSP JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a server-side technology used to create dynamic web content. It is part of the Java web application stack and allows developers…

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Laravel 

Web Development

What Is Laravel Laravel is a PHP web application framework that supports both backend and full-stack development. It provides a structured approach for building dynamic web applications with…

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Operating Systems

Web Development

What is an Operating System? An operating system (OS) is the essential software that allows a computer to function and communicate with its hardware. It manages memory, storage,…

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PHP 

Web Development

What Is PHP PHP is a server-side scripting language for web development. It is used by developers to create dynamic websites and web apps. Unlike client-side code, PHP…

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Python

Web Development

What Is Python Python is a high-level programming language used in software and web development. Developers use Python to build backend logic, automate tasks, and process data. In…

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React 

Web Development

What Is React React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces (UI). Developers use it to create interactive, interface-driven front ends. It focuses on reusable user interface…

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Ruby on Rails 

Web Development

What Is Ruby on Rails Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework designed for the Ruby programming language. It supports the creation of dynamic…

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SQL 

Web Development

What Is SQL SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a standardized language for working with relational databases. Developers use SQL to store, retrieve, update, and delete…

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Vue 

Web Development

What Is Vue Vue is a front-end JavaScript framework for developing user interfaces and web applications. It focuses on reactive rendering and reusable components. Developers use the framework…

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Web Servers

Web Development

What is a Web Server – Definition and Role A web server is specialized software that processes requests from clients, usually through the HTTP or HTTPS protocol. When…

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XML 

Web Development

What Is XML XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It defines a structured way to store and transport data. Developers use XML when their systems require a clear…

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Web Frameworks

Laravel, Django, React, Vue or Rails — pick the right framework and build faster.

6 terms

Contember 

Web Frameworks

What Is Contember Contember is an open-source platform for building and managing data-driven web applications. Developers use it to define a data model in TypeScript and generate core…

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jQuery 

Web Frameworks

What Is jQuery jQuery is a JavaScript library that helps with common front-end development tasks. Developers use it to work with HTML elements, browser events, effects, and asynchronous…

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October CMS 

Web Frameworks

What Is October CMS October CMS is a self-hosted content management system built on the Laravel PHP framework. It helps teams build and manage custom websites with a…

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Spring 

Web Frameworks

What Is Spring Spring is a Java framework for building modern Java applications. Developers use it to build web applications, backend services, and enterprise systems. Rather than providing…

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Symfony

Web Frameworks

What IS Symfony Symfony is a PHP framework designed for developing online applications and backend systems. Developers use it to create structured and maintainable applications for websites, APIs,…

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WordPress 

Web Frameworks

What Is WordPress WordPress is an open-source content management system, or CMS, for building and managing websites. It started as blog software and later evolved into a flexible…

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